MU MATEKA IKIBAZO CY’IYOBERA CYAVUTSE GUTE?
Hari ikintu cyabaye mu mateka gishaka kuba ukwigaragaza kw’ibyari biteganyijwe ko iyobera ryinjiye mu murongo w’amateka, bityo na ryo rikabamo, rigashinga imizi ku butaka ku butaka mbese rikaba mu bantu. Twabonye ko uko igitekerezo cy’iyobokamana kigendera kure uko kuri, ari ko ko kugenda kurushaho kuba ihame. Noneho rero tugeze aho tugomba guhangana n’iyobokamana nk’ikintu kiriho ariko gishingiye ahubwo kuri iryo hame. Reka tubanze tuzirikane ku nkuru twagejejweho ibabaje mu kuyandika hanyuma turaza kureba ibyo icyo cyifuzo gihatse.
Ikintu cyabaye ni ryo fatizo
Twarazwe inyandiko y’ibyabaye itwereka uko ikibazo cyavutse mu ntangiriro : iyo nyandiko ni Ivanjiri (Inkuru Nziza). Iby’iyi nyandiko nta kibazo byateye ku rwego rw’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mateka. Mbere ariko yo kureba iyi nyandiko ku byabaye nk’uko twabishyikirijwe, reka tubanze tuvuge ibyo tugomba kwitondera.
- Dushobora gusobanura neza icyo Ivanjiri ari cyo duhereye ku cyo itari cyo. Ibi byatuma twirinda gukoresha uburyo budakwiye mu kwiga iyo vanjiri dufite ; kubera ko, nk’uko twabyerekanye, dushobora kumenya ikintu tutanyuze mu nzira icyo kintu gisaba.
Dushobora gutira mu banditsi banyuranye ingero zo gusobanura ikintu uhereye ku cyo kitari cyo. Hari benshi bakoresheje ubwo buryo. Twe turahitamo bamwe. Uwa mbere uzwi cyane agira ati : « Abanditsi b’Ivanjiri (…) ntibagamije gutanga incamake y’ibyo Kristu yavuze cyangwa se raporo y’ibyo yakoze nk’uko umupolisi abigenza. Uwo mwanditsi agakomeza mu ntangiriro y ‘igitabo yanditse ku Ivanjiri ya Yohani, agira ati : « Amagambo ya Yezu mu Ivanjiri ya Yohani ntagamije na busa gutanga raporo y’ibyabaye cyangwa ngo abisubiremo ijambo ku rindi ».[1]
Naho mu nyandiko ya Konsili ya Vatikani II yiswe « Dei Verbum » isobanura ibyo abanditsi b’Ivanjiri bakoze muri aya magambo : « Aho Nyagasani asubiriye mu ijuru, ku bubasha bw’ubuhanga busesuye bahawe n’isomo bakuye ku ikuzo rya Nyagasani kandi bamurikiwe na Roho Mutagatifu w’ukuri, intumwa zigeza ku bazumvaga ibyo yavuze byose n’ibyo yakoze. Kandi abanditsi batagatifu banditse Ivanjiri ya Kane, bahitamo bimwe mu byinshi byavugwaga cyangwa byari bimaze kwandikwa. Abanditsi bavugwa mu magambo avunaguye bimwe na bimwe, bagasobanura ibindi bakurikije uko Kiliziya bandikira ziteye kandi bakita ku isura y’Inkuru bamamaza, ariko buri gihe bakora ku buryo bashingira kuri Yezu ubwe kugira ngo bagaragaze ukuri kose ».[2]
Naho Walter Kasper we agira ati « hari ibyiciro bitatu mu ruhererekane rw’Ivanjiri – hari ibyo Yezu ubwe yavuze n’ibyo yakoze, hagakurikiraho ibyo intumwa zamamaje nyuma ya Pasika zimurikiwe n’izuka na Roho Mutagatifu wabamanukiyeho… kandi bakaba barabigiranye ubuhanga (…) bahawe ; nyuma hakabona kuza iby’abanditsi b’Ivanjiri batangaje ku Nkuru Nziza bagenda batoranya iby’ingenzi bakurikije abo bandikira abo ari bo, bakabahitiramo bimwe, ibindi bakabivuga mu ncamake hakagira ibyo basobanura maze inyigisho bagiye batanga bakazibika ».[3]
Icyo ibyo bitwumvisha rero si uko ibyabaye byose kuri Yezu ari ko byatugezeho, ahubwo ni uko ku rundi ruhande byabaye koko kandi bikaba byaratugezeho bivuye ku babyirebeye n’amaso yabo, bakaba bashishikariye kugeza vuba na bwangu kuri buri muntu no ku bantu bose akamaro k’iyo Nkuru. Dufate urugero : niba imodoka naguze nari maze iminsi nyifuza, nkabigeraho ngombye kwiyuha akuya, nyuma ikaza kwibwa, ariko hanyuma ikaza kuboneka, hari uburyo bubiri iyi nkuru nziza ishobora kungeraho. Ubwa mbere ni uko Polisi yampamagara ngasoma raporo igaragaza ko ku muhanda uyu n’uyu, habonetse imodoka bahataye itagira imipira n’ikirango cyayo, ariko uko bayivuga bikaba bihuye n’uko navuze iyo nabuze uko isa. Ubundi buryo ni uko incuti yanjye ishobora kunterefona imenyesha ko yabonye imodoka yanjye igihe yihitiraga ari muri bisi. Ashobora kuba atibuka neza uwo muhanda yayibonyemo, ariko akaba ashobora gusubira inyuma akahibuka. Ashobora no kuba atavuga neza mu magambo arambuye uko iyo modoka isa, ariko akanyemeza rwose ko ari iyanjye yabonye. Ubwo nanjye nshobora kujya kwirebera ubwanjye. Murumva rero ko iyi nkuru yangeraho inyuze mu nzira ebyiri zishoboka. Ubwo buryo bwakoreshejwe ni bwo butandukanye gusa.
- Ibyanditswe dufite imbere y’amaso yacu byerekeye kwibutsa ibyabaye kimwe n’ibindi byose byandikwa bivuga amateka. Ku buryo bw’umwihariko ariko birareba umuntu udusaba kubigeza ku bandi kuko ari ngombwa cyane (ni agakiza). « Urwo ruhererekane rukomoka kuri Yezu ariko no kuri Kristu wazutse. Ibyo ntibibuza ibyo byanditswe gukomeza kugira agaciro kabyo, kuko icy’ingenzi mu iyobokamana rya gikristu, nk’uko bimeze ku yandi madini agendera ku gitekerezo cy’uwayashinze, ni ko rikomera ku rwibutso. Urwibutso rwa Kristu ni rwo umukristu wese agenderaho. Ariko akamenyero gaturuka ku bahamya ba mbere ba Kristu gashingiye ku « gutanga urugero » aho « kuvuga ibyabaye » gusa. Bakomeraga ku gisobanuro y’ibyo Yezu yakoze n’ibyo yigishije aho kwibuka ngo Yezu yakoze ibi n’ibi. Ibintu nk’ibyo bikunze kubaho, kandi ntibiri mu mateka y’amadini gusa »[4]
Ubwo tumaze kumva ibyo dusoma atari raporo y’ibyabaye, ijambo ku rindi cyangwa uko ibikorwa bya Yezu byose byakurikiranye, kugirango turusheho gusobanukirwa tugomba kwibanda ku byo batubwira uko babivuga : ni urwibutso n’inyigisho. Ibyiza ni ukubikomatanya byombi maze tukibaza tuti : « ibi ni ibintu bishobora kubaho ? Ibyo batubwira biratwemeza? ». Ubundi buryo butari ubu twakoresha bwatuma tunyura kure y’ibigize ubutumwa uko butugezwaho, maze bityo bukaba mu by’ukuri busa n’ubugamije kumva ikintu kitariho.
« Iyo umaze kumva iyo ngingo, ibyo abashakashatsi ku byanditswe bitagatifu, baba abemera cyangwa abatemera, bifuza kugeraho bashaka kwerekana ishusho « nsa » Yezu yagaragayemo nk’umuntu wabaye mu mateka, byose usanga nta gaciro. Ishusho y’umuntu ishobora kwerekanwa ni igaragara, kandi n’icyuma gifotora nta yindi shusho gishobora kugaragaza atari iyo gishobora kubona inyuma, n’iyo yaba ishusho yo mu maso h’umuntu. Kwandika amateka byo rero ni ukwibaza icyo ibintu bisobanura, kandi ntushobora kubona ikindi gisobanuro mu mateka kitari icyo n’ubundi wari witeguye kuyabonamo. Kuri Yezu ho, ibyo umunyamateka wese aba yiteguye gushyira mu nsobanuro y’ibyo yandika ni amashusho agaragazwa n’uko Yezu bamuvuga, kandi buri wese afite uko abyumva kwihariye. Nyamara akenshi ayo mashusho aba afite icyo aburaho ari cyo icyo Yezu asaba ko bamumenyeraho kandi dusanga mu magambo ye n’ibikorwa bye. Ibyo Yezu asaba birareba n’abanyamateka bamwandikaho kuko bagomba kumva neza icyo ishusho ye isobanura[5] ».
Icyo Yezu asaba ni cyo kintu cyonyine gishimishije kubona, ni cyo kintu cyonyine ubwenge bw’umuntu budashobora kwirengagiza kandi kikaba gisaba igisubizo. Ni yo mpamvu rero, atari byo kwibuza umugisha wo kukibona, ahubwo ibyiza ni ukwishyira mu mwanya mwiza wo guhura nacyo ukakimenya neza (Reba pp65-66). Koko rero kumva ko ikintu ukizi neza umuntu abikesha kuba ashobora « kucyerekana ». Ariko nk’uko nigeze kubivuga[6] uko kwerekana ko ibintu bifite agaciro gakomeye ntigukoreshwa imibare cyangwa ngo guturuke icyerekanwa impande zose : bene iyo myerekanire ishingiye ku byo twe dushobora kwihimbira cyangwa kumvikanaho. Kwerekana ikintu nyabyo tuvuga hano umuntu aguhabwa n’uko yahuye n’icyo kintu, cyangwa akaba yarahagaze ku byabaye.
Kuri iyo ngingo twibuke ko tutashobora kwigerera kuri icyo kintu niba tutaretse ngo abe ari cyo kiduhamagara. Ni byo Von Balthazar yita « kutizigama mu gusobanukirwa ». Icyo umuntu ahomba iyo « yizigamye » mbese mu yandi magambo iyo yanze kwakira cya kintu cyose uko cyakabaye cyangwa se agashaka kwemera agace kamwe aretse ibindi, ni uko agera aho yibagirwa ko kwemeza ubuhangage bw’icyo kintu ari byo byonyine bituma ubushakashatsi burushaho gushimisha, kandi ubwo buhangage bukaba nta handi yabusanga hatari muri icyo kintu ubwacyo uko cyakabaye cyose. Von Balthazar arushaho kubitwumvisha neza muri aya magambo :
« Ikintu cy’ibanze cya ngombwa kugira ngo wumve ibintu ni uko ureka ibyo bintu bikakwigaragariza uko biri. Niba mu kwiga ku Mavanjiri ubanje kugira ibyo uvanamo, ubwo ntaba ikiri ukwo yakabaye, bityo kuyumva ntibishoboka (…). Nta gace na kamwe wavuga uti ni uko gafite ukuri atari uko ukarebye ku mwanya gafashe mu cyo wiga cyose muri rusange (…). Niba wirengagije ibice by’ingenzi ukabisiga, usigarana ishusho ipfuye (mbese nk’uko Renan na Hamach bumva Yezu w’amateka ndetse bakunganirwa na Bultman) ku buryo kuyumva ari nko kumvira kure ibisobanuro by’umwarimu. Twumvise neza ibyo, haba hasigaye gusobanura ukuntu akantu kadafatika gahinduka ishusho nini igaragara neza, mbese nk’uko Yezu asobanurwa n’Ivanjiri. Niba abantu bagerageza kwerekana ukuntu iyo shusho, bashobora gusobanukirwa, yifitemo ukwivuguruza, bakoresheje gucukumbura imvano yayo, nyamara ntabwo barashobora gusobanura neza imiterere rusange y’iyo shusho y’akataraboneka kandi idashidikanywaho igaragazwa n’ibyo byose bakoresha bayisobanura ubishyize hamwe – cyangwa twavuga ko iyo shusho batigeze bayivumbura[7].
Ibyiza rero ni ukureka ibyabaye ushaka kuvumbura akaba ari byo bikwigaragariza, ukamenya kandi ko bidashingiye ku kurondora ibice byose bibigize. Inyandiko za Konsili twavuze zirabyemeza, naho Heneriko de Lubac akagira icyo abivugaho muri aya magambo :
« No muri Konsili ubwayo, icyo uguhishurirwa kutugezaho ni Imana ubwayo ; nyamara iyo Mana ihoraho mu mateka yacu yishyiriyeho abahamya, kandi abo bahamya bakatuyobora ku Muhamya w’ukuri w’indahemuka ari we Jambo wigize umuntu. Ukwemera kwanjye ntigushingiye mbere na mbere ku rutonde rw’ « amahame » yumvikana cyangwa atumvikana : niba iryo shingiro « ritumvikana » nk’uko insobanuro y’umwimerere y’ijambo « iyobera » ibivuga – ubundi se nagira nte ngo ngire icyo mpindura ? – niba rero uko kuri ntashobora kugushyikira byuzuye nk’uko mbingenza ku kintu nihimbiye mu mutwe wanjye, ni ukuvuga ko uko kuri ushobora kugushyikira neza ari umuntu uhoraho (…) ku ruhande rumwe, kandi ni cyo cy’ingenzi, icyo duhishurirwa si urutonde rw’ibisobanuro (…) ahubwo tumumenyera mu bumwe bwe bw’ibanze nk’iyobera rya Kristu, We kuri k’umuntu muzima uriho »[8]. Inyandiko tugiye kureba igamije gusubira mu byiciro byose umuntu wazanye inkuru yanyuze, asobanura iby’umuntu uhishura ku buryo budasanzwe iby’amateka ya muntu. De Lubac akomeza agira ati : « Iyobera riri mu Ivanjiri : ni iyobera rya Kristu (…) kubitandukanya ni ukwica ayo mayobera yombi. Uko ibihe byagiye bihita abantu barabigerageje. Ni ugushaka gutandukanya ibidatana. Ni ugutatira Ivanjiri imwe rukumbi nk’uko Mutagatifu Mariko abivuga mu ntangiriro y’ « Inkuru Nziza » yitirira Yezu Kristu-Umwana w’Imana » (Mc 1,1). Padiri Petero Rousselot (J. – 1915) yabivuze neza mu nyandiko imaze igihe kirenze igice cy’ikinyejana, agira ati « ubukristu bushingiye ku kintu cyabayeho ari cyo ubumuntu bwa Yezu, ubuzima bwe ku isi, kandi abakristu ubu ni abemera ko Kristu yabayeho. Nguyu umwihariko karemano w’idini rya Kristu[9]. Ikintu cyabayeho buri muntu ashobora kukimenya. Icyo kintu mushobora guhura na cyo cyangwa ukakigwaho, upfa gusa kuba witeguye kukibona. Dushobora rero kumva gute ukuza kwa Kristu kugira ngo tugire icyo tukuvugaho ? Twabanza tukibanda ku rwibutso rwe n’inyigisho abamubonye bamutangaho. « Ishusho ya Kristu kugira ngo yumvikane uko iri, isaba kuba iherekejwe mu bice byose n’abantu yahuye na bo »[10].
Akamaro ko gukoresha uburyo bunoze
Mbere yo kwinkira mu ngingo nyamukuru y’iki gitabo, reka tubanze twibutse ibyo twigeze kuvuga[11] kukamazo ko gukoresha uburyo bunoze ugamije kwiga ku kintu iki nk’iki. Koko kandi uko wifata ugiye gutanga ubuhamya ku kintu mwahuye kidasanzwe nka kiriye ni ibintu bisaba gushyira ubwene ku gihe ku buryo bugaragara. « Twibutse ko uburyo umuntu akoresha nta kindi bisobanuro atari ukwerekanba icyo ushaka gusobanura ukoresheje ubwenge. Uburyo bwo gukoresha ni bwo bugenza inzira unyuramo ugamije kugera ku cyo ushaka kumenya »[12].
Twabonye kandi ko icyo tugamije kumenya atari urutonde rw’ibisobanuro, ntikibe n’uruhererekane rw’amateka ashobora kuba ari imvaho, ahubo icyo tughamije ni ukuri, ubuhamya bwerekeye umuntu wemeje ko ari we herezo ry’isi, ari ryo yobera ryaje rigatura mu mateka y’abantu. Ni yo mpamvu ubumwe buri muri uko kuri bugomba gushyigashyigwa.
- Gusabana n’icyo ushaka gusobanukirwa
Aha turagaruka ku byo twahereyeho tuvuga mu kindi gitabo cy’iri somo byerekeye gushyikira ukuri kw’ibiriho : « Nzashobora kukumenya neza mu rwego nzaba ngerageza kwita ku buzima bwawe, cyangwe se mu yandi magambo igihe nzaba ngerageza kubusangira na we. Kuri ubu buryo ni bwo nzabona ibimenyetso bihsobanurira byinshi. Sufate urugero ku Ivanjiri : ni nde wumvishije ko ari ngombwa kwizera uriya muntu Yezu ? Ntabwo ari imbaga y’abantu bazaga gukizwa indwara, ahubo ni abamukurikiey, basangira ubuzima na we »[13]. Ibyo bivuga ko gusabana n’ikintu ushaka kumba ari ngombwa kugira ngo ubigereho kandi bikubakwa ku buryo nyabwo mu buzima, mu mibanire ya rusange. Kugira ndo ubone ko buri ruhande rwihariye rw’ikintu rubasha kugira ishusho yarwo yihariye nyabyo ari uko rubihabawe n’igifite ubusendere kandi cyisumbuyeho, ni ngombwa kugira ubwo bugeni bwo kurebera ibintu hamwe nk’uko twakomeje kubigarukaho. Ubucunkumbuzi bw’ibyabaye ku isi bushobora guhera ku kuboko kw’igisigarizwa cy’ishusho, maze bukaremarema ishusho yose uko yahoze. Ubucunkumbuzi ku binyabuzima bushobora guhere ku ryinyo ry’inyamaswa maze rukaremarema inyamaswa yose uko yari iri. Umnyamuzika na we umenya ashobora kumba agace nnk’amanota akamenya injyana yo kabiri n’iya gatatu higomba kuba hamwe ndetse n’uko izo zindi zigomba kuba zimeze muri rusange. Izo njyana zishobora kuba zimwe zivuguruzwanya nk’izo muri muzika imenyerewe : nk’injyana igenda buhoro kandi ituje mu gace ka mbere, igakurikirwa n’injyana yihuta mu gace ka kabiri, aka gatatu kakagenda gatsindagira amanota, abakunzi ba Bach bahita bayimenya kandi bagasobanukirwa ko uko ibyo bihe bigenda bisimburana bitewe n’igitekerezo cyose indirimbo ishingiyeho. No ku Ivanjiri ni uko bimeze »[14]. Ku byerekeye kuri Kristu na ho ni ibintu byoroshye.
Si ngombwa ko twirirwa tugaragaza neza ko urugero Kristu yatanze rurenze izindi ngero zose. Ibi ni ibintu bigaragara. Mu by’ukuri kubibona neza bisaba « ijisho rizi gushishoza » mbese nk’uko inararibonye imenya neza ikintu kinoze, icyiganano, igikoze neza bigeranyije, ikimeze neza bihagije cyangwa itunganye bidasubirwaho »[15]. Uhereye ku ngero twatanze, umuntu ntashobora kugira « ubugenzi bwo kurebera ikintu nawe n’ijisho rizi gushishoza » kugira ngo akomeze ajyane n’icyo ashaka kumva atari uko yimenyereje kumva ya muzika cyangwa yimenyereje kureba ibishushanyo byiza, cyangwa ashaka gukora ubushakashatsi, akimenyereza guterateranya ibisigazwa byavumbuwe. Ibyo birumvikanisha neza yuko « kubana » cyangwa gusangira ubuzima ugatanga igihe cyawe ari ngombwa kugira ngo umuntu agire ubwo buhanga bwo gushishoza mu kumva ikintu neza.
- Gusobanukirwa n’ibimenyetso ni bwo buryo bwiza
Reka tugaruke kuri ya ngingo ya kabiri twavuze yerekeye uburyo bwo kugera ku kintu kiriho. « Umuntu yizera ko azi neza undi mu rugero we ubwe aba ari umuntu wuzuye kandi agendeye ku bimenyetso bike… uko umuntu arushaho kuba umuntu nyawe, ni ko arushaho kumva ibintu neza, ni nako arushaho kugira icyizere, kubera ko yumva neza impamvu yo kugirira ukwemera undi muntu. Ibi byaba ari imigirire y’ibiburabwenge, niba nta mpamvu zifatika zituma bimeze bityo, niba izo mpamvu zihari, ubwo bifite ishingiro… Kuko niba ibintu byose byagira ishingiro ari uko bigaragara neza, umuntu nta ntambwe yaba agiteye ajya imbere, kuko yabanza gusubira inyuma agenda ashaka ishingiro ry’ibyo yanyuzemo[16].
Ibyo ni byo amagambo y’agahebuzo ya Petero Rousselot agarukaho agira ati : « mu bumenyi busanzwe, iyo ubwenge burushaho gusobanukirwa bwangu no gucengera ibintu neza, ni ikimenyetso cyoroshye kiba gihagije ngo umuntu afate umwanzuro uhamye ku kintu. No mu bumenyi bw’ukwemera ni ko bigenda… Ni yo mpamvu, uruhererekane rudahinyuzwa rukomoka ku Ivanjiri, rwagiye rurata ibigwi ry’abemera batabonye ibitangaza. Ntabwo babaratira ko bemeye ibidafite shinge, kuko byo ahubwo byari kugawa. Ahubwo tubasangana roho yamurikiwe ishobora gushyikira ukuri gusendereye ibikesha utumenyetso duto”[17].
Ariko n’ubwo kamere muntu ifite ubu bushobozi bwo kumvira mu tumenyetso duto, ibyo bigatuma akomeza kubaho, akeneye umwanya n’igihe cyo gukuza ubwo bushobozi. Ni impano ishobora gutakara, mbese nk’uko abantu b’iki gihe bataye ubushobozi bwo guhumurirwa no kunukirwa abakurambere bacu ba kera bari bakoreshaga cyane. Iyo mpano rero ni yo umuntu akeneye ngo yumve “icyo Yezu adusaba”. Tugarutse kuri rwa rugero rw’ubugeni, twakwemeza ndetse ko ubwo bushobozi ari bwo bwonyine butuma umuntu asobanukirwa neza. Von Balthazar, twavugaga mu kanya abigarukaho cyane iyo ashaka kwerekana ukuntu “abibwira ko gucukumbura amateka nta kwemera witwaje ari byo byatuma umuntu asobanukirwa n’ukuri kw’ibyabereye muri Palestina, mu gihugu Yezu yavukiyemo. Abahanga mu Iyigamana bapfa gutwarwa n’ibitekerezo byadutse bakoresha ubwo buryo, bashobora gutwarwa no gutekereza ku mikorere isa n’aho yemewe y’ubushakashatsi ku madini no ku bugeni – n’ubwo hano ari ikigereranyo twafashe. Dufashe nk’urugero ku gihangano cy’ubugeni, umuntu ntashobora kucyumva uko kiri adahereye ku myumvire ye bwite asanganywe ijyana na cyo, naho gusesengura neza ibice bikigize bisaba ko aba azi mbere na kare ibikirimo. Muri rusange, amabara, amajwi, impumuro iyi n’iyi, burya kubaho kwabyo guterwa n’umubiri usanzwe warabyumvise. Kubera rero ibyo byose nta handi biteye uretse mu biremwa bibizi, twavuga ko ukuri kwabyo kugaragazwa n’uwemeza ko biriho”[18]. Uko biri kose iyi myumvire twakwita uguhura k’umuntu n’icyo ashaka kumva[19] isaba ko uwo muntu yihatira kugera kuri ubwo busabane, hakiyongeraho kwitegura kwakira icyo ushaka kumva bitabuza uwo muhate kuba ngombwa. “Kujyana n’icyo ushaka kumva (stimmung) ni igitekerezo gishobora no gukoreshwa no mu byerekeye roho n’ubwenge bw’umuntu. Umuntu ashobora kujyana n’ibintu kandi agasabana na byo mu kumva ibyabaye”[20].
“Buri gihe Yezu adusaba gukoresha ubwenge bwacu. Arabukangura kenshi agira ati “mbese mwasobanukiwe, mwumvise?” Akongeraho ati “mbese muremera?” Uko kwemera ashaka kuvuga ni ukugeza ubwenge ku kuri, bukakumenya, bukakwakira butijana, aho kuba bwacika intege bugasubira inyuma (…). Ukwemera tubwirwa mu Ivanjiri ni uko kuvumbura ukuri bakubwiye. Umwana ukiga koga mu kiyaga, babanza kumusobanurira ko adashobora guhera mu mazi kuko iyo yiyoroheje hejuru yayo, areremba ntiyibire kubera ko atayarusha ireme. Ariko umwana arabanza agakomeza kugira ubwoba, akiremereza aho kwiyoroshya kuko ibyo umubwira aba atarabyemera. Bikazagera ariko aho agera ku bamubwiye, agasanga ari byo, akabyemera, bityo agashobora kuzerera ku mazi. Urebeye aho ntiwavuga ko ubwenge hari aho butaniye n’ukwemera”[21].
Umwana wiga koga agomba kugera aho yumva ko agomba kwizera umwigisha we. Bishobora kumuzamo atiriwe abitekerezaho, ariko ashobora no kumva nta kimuhatira kwizera umwigisha we. Muri iki gihe umuntu yirunzemo ibintu byinshi bidafite gihamya ku buryo ubwenge bwe budafite akamenyero ko kumva ibintu ubusanzwe bimufitiye akamaro. “Dore hashize ibinyejana byinshi mu Burayi ho abantu baratwawe n’igitekerezo cyemeza ko kumenya Imana biva ku bwenge bwasubiye inyuma, ni ku byifuzo by’ubwenge byapfiriye mu mubiri (…). Icyo umwigisha w’Isezerano rishya atwigisha ariko si ‘ugusuzugura’ ubwenge bwacu, ahubwo ni ukubufungura kugira ngo dushobore gusobanukirwa”[22]. Ubwenge bwumva ibimenyetso kugira ngo bugere aho bushyikira ukuri nyako kuriho gushatse imibereho yako, ubwo bwenge ni bwo bufunguye kurusha bwa bundi bwibwira ko ntacyo bwashobora kugeraho. Abaririmbyi bari hamwe ariko bake cyane, ntibashobora kumvikanisha neza indirimbo y’amajwi menshi cyane, bityo na Kristu ntushobora kumureba rimwe ngo ube umurangije wese nk’uko ureba igishushanyo … “… Niba ari umwe ‘Rukumbi’, nta kigereranyo kitari we twamupimiraho, igipimo cya mbere na mbere ni we ubwe”[23]. Tugomba rero kumenyereza ubwenge bwacu kumva iki gipimo gishya kandi kimwe rukumbi.
INTANGIRIRO NI IYIHE?
Iyobera ryahisemo kwinjira mu mateka ya muntu rinyuze mu mibereho isanzwe isa n’iy’umuntu wese. Bivuze ko ryinjiyemo ku buryo butagaragara. Nta muntu n’umwe wari uhari ngo abihagarareho cyangwa ngo afate amashusho. Byageze aho iryo yobera rigaragaza ko ririho ku isi, maze ku bashoboye guhura na ryo, uwo mwanya ukaba nta kintu kiwusumba mu mibereho yaba mu mateka y’isi yose. Turahera kuri iyo ngingo. Ariko turabanza twibuke ko , ubwo turimo kwifashisha Ivanjiri yanditswe na Yohani, ko iyo Vanjiri yagiweho impaka cyane, abahanga bakayigaho kenshi, ariko ibyo byose ntibibe byaratumbye bahinyura urwibutso n’Inkuru yatugejejweho”. Hagati aho, abandi bashakashatsi bavumbuye ibivuguruza ibyatumaga iyo Vanjiri ishidikanywaho. Urugero: aho bamariye kuvumbura inyandiko ikuze cyane ndetse n’iyo bise P 52 bavuga ko yakozwe mu mwaka w’130 nyum ya Yezu, ibyavugaga ko iyo VAnjiri yaba yaranditswe ahagana mu kinyejana cya kabiri byasubiweho, kuva ubwo ibivugwa mu Ivanjiri ya Yohani birushaho kugira agaciro nk’ukuri kw’amateka”[24].
Nta gushidikanya “Ivanjiri ya Yohani (…) ituruka ku Mwigishwa wa Nyagasani (…) wavuze ibyabaye nk’umuhamya”[25]. Umuhamya ukomeye cyane yashatse ko twibuka igihe, ari na bwo bwari ubwa mbere, Yezu agaragaye, maze agatera ikibazo kitoroshye. Hari urupapuro mu Ivanjiri ya Yohani twagereranya n’urupapuro rwanditseho ibintu bikomeye muri ajenda y’umuntu, ariko aho ho rukaba ruriho icyo twakwita umunsi wa mbere ikibazo cya Kristu cyahindaganyije isi.
Kugera ubwo Yezu agize imyaka yo gushobora kuvugira mu ruhame, yari yabanje kwiberaho nk’undi mwana wese ndetse yubaha imihango yose y’idini ry’igihugu cye. Muri iyo minsi, ntawe utaravugaga Yohani Batista. Abantu bamuvugaga nk’umuhanuzi Abahebureyi bari barategereje imyaka 450 yose kuko ubundi bahoranaga umuhanuzi. Yohani Batista bivuga umubatiza; yaje asa nk’aho arangije igihe cyo guheza amaso mu kirere barumiwe (kubera kubura umuhanuzi). Bose baturukaga imihanda yose, ari za Yudeya na Galileya, bakaza kumwumva. Iki gihe twavuga ko bakoraga urugendo rutagatifu bamugana. Ndestse na Yezu ubwe yaramusanze.
Nigeze kuvuga haruguru ko urupapuro rwanditseho ibyo rusa n’urupapuro rwo muri ajenda. Umuntu yandikamo interuro, wenda mu magambo make, maze ayo magambo make agasobanura ibintu byinshi mu marenga. Iyo nteruro iba igamije kwibutsa ibintu byinshi byabaye. Ntabwo iba igamije gutanga ibisobanuro byinshi, mbese nk’inkuru umuntu asoma mu ngingo zose nta gisigaye. Inkuru yanditse isomwa na rubanda rwose, naho interuro imwe yo muri ajenda iba igenewe nyirayo. Iyo nteruro ivuga ikintu kimwe kidaciye ku ruhande, maze nyirayo yayisoma akibuka ibisobanuro byinshi byasigaye mu mutwe we kuva igihe ibyo yabyandikiye. Umuntu ntafata ibyabaye mu ngingo zose uko zikurikirana. Ahubwo afata iby’ingenzi. Ubu ntitwibuka ubwana bwacu mu nziza zose bwanyuzemo. Ariko hari uduce twibuka, dufite icyo tugaragaza neza mu mikurire y’imiterere yacu, y’imico twafashe n’imigirire yacu. Ndetse dutekereje neza, n’ibyo ejo hashize, n’ubwo bikitwegereye, ntibiguma neza mu mutwe ingingo ku yindi.
Amagambo rero tugiye kwigaho yanditswe n’umuntu wafashe mu mutwe ibyo yabayemo, yabonye n’amaso ye n’umutima we mu gihe ubuzima bwe bwinjiwemo ku buryo budasubirwaho n’undi muntu. Nubwo ibyo yibuka yabikomeyeho iyo myaka yose, kugeza abaye umukambwe, mu gihe yabibonaga ntiyumvaga neza indunduro yabyo n’ukuri kose byari bihishe. Ibyo twabigereranya n’ibyo abantu bari bahuye ku buryo busanzwe, nyuma y’aho, ku buryo batari barigeze babiterezaho igihe bahura, bakaza kuzashakana bagashyingiranwa. Aho bazasazira ni bwo umwe azabwira undi ati :”uribuka wa munsi wa mbere duhurira mu misozi? Hari uwari wigeze atekereza ko tuzabana?”.
Amagambo rero yanditswe n’umuntu wibuka ni yo tugiye kuvugaho. Kuri ibyo byanditswe ahatagize ibihanditswe hose, hagomba kuzuzwa amagambo ajyanye n’inkuru yose umwanditsi akwizeza ko ari ukuri (Yoh. 1:35-50).
Na Yezu rero ubwe yagiye kumva ibyo Yohani Batista yigishaga. Reka dufate ko hari nko mu masaa sita, nk’uko byari bimaze kuba akamenyero, abantu barimo kwirundanya agatsiko, baje kumva Yohani. Yezu na we rero wari uje kumwumva, ageze aho, asa n’aho ashatse kwikomereza urugendo. Yohani abibonye, asa n’uvugiwemo na Roho w’Ubuhanuzi, ni ko kumuhamagara, ati :”dore Ntama w’Imana, dore uwaje gukuraho icyaha cy’isi”. Abamwumvaga bagomba kuba bataratangaye cyane kuko bari basanzwe bamenyereye kumva avuga amagambo nk’ayo ariko akenshi ntibasobanukirwe neza. Ariko ntibabitinzeho cyane kuko n’ubundi bari bazi ko ari umuhanuzi. Nyamara, umwe mu bari aho yumva ayo magambo ya Yohani hari icyo amubwiye, maze ahanga amaso uwo muntu wenyine. Abandi bantu babiri biturukiye iyo bigwa, abo bakaba Abanyaglileya (b’abarobyi, bari biyiziye mu mugi nk’abandi baturage bose, barimo bareba ibyari birimo kubera imbere y’amaso yabo, babona neza Yohani Batista amuvuzeho ayo magambo, biyemeza kumukurikira. Yezu ahindukiye abona bamukurikiye, ni ko kubabaza ati: “murashaka iki?” Mu kumusubiza bati: “Mwigisha, utuye he?” Yezu arababwira ati: “Muze murebe”. Abo bagabo bombi baragenda, babona aho yari atuye, bagumana na we kugeza bugorobye. Ubwo hari nka saa kumi ku gicamunsi (Yoh. 1, 38-39). Kuba hari ukudakurikiranya ibintu neza ku buryo usanga isaha bahuriyeho ari yo ihinduka iyo batandukaniyeho (ari yo saa kumi) bifite icyo bivuga.
Umwe muri abo bagabo yitwaga Ndereya. Aho ahuriye na Mukuru we Petero, aramubwira ari “twabonye Umukiza”. Aha bikumvikana ko n’ubwo ba bagabo babiri bagiye mu rugo rw’umuntu badasanganywe, bamazeyo igice cy’umunsi, ariko ntibatubwira icyo bakozeyo. Icyo tuzi gusa ni uko umwe muri bo aho baviriyeyo, yabwiye Mukuru we ati: “twabonye Umukiza”. Ukuntu iyi nkuru ivuze mu buryo busanzwe biratangaje. Abo bagabo bagomba kuba baramaranye na we umwanya munini, bikageza aho bibagirwa ko umugoroba wari ukubye, ari cyo gihe bagenzi babo bari bagiye gutangira kuroba. Bo rero bagumyeyo kugira ngo babe abahamya b’ukuri b’ibyo baje kubwira abandi. Ibyabaye hagati aho ntawe ubizi. Ariko bigomba kuba hari icyo bashoboye gukora – bashobora kuba bariboneye ubwabo avuga, bashobora kuba baramubajije ibibazo binyuranye, bashobora kuba barabonye uko abayeho iwabo, bashobora kuba barabonye nyina atetse. Icyo tuzi neza gusa ni uko bongera kugaragara mu gitondo, ku Nyanja, bategereje ko ubwato bwabo bugarukana na bagenzi babo b’abarobyi bari bakomeje akazi bonyine. Ikintu cya mbere umwe muri ba bagabo babiri abwira Mukuru we wari mu bwato nta kindi atari “twabonye Umukiza”. Dushobora kwibwira uko Petero yabakiriye. Ariko icyo tuzi neza ni uko Andereya yajyanye Mukuru we kwa Yezu. Reka twiyumvishe ukuntu Petero yajyanye amatsiko, akagera imbere y’umuntu Murumuna we yise “Umukiza”, na we akamubwira ati: ”uri Simoni, mwene Yonasi, uzitwa Petero ari byo bivuze Urutare”. Abayahudi bari bamenyereye kongera izina ry’irihimbano ku mazina bwite y’umuntu bashaka kwerekana imico ye imuranga cyangwa ibyamubayeho bidasanzwe. Ubwo Petero rero yari agaragarije imico n’imigenzereze ye kuko yarangwaga n’ingufu, mbese akomeye nk’urutare.
Igicamunsi cy’umunsi ukurikiyeho, ba barobyi bari bibereye ku nkombe z”inyanja basobanura incundura zabo. Yezu na we yari agannye I Galileya, afata inzira inyura iruhande rw’inkombe z’inyanja. Simoni na Andereya bagomba kuba baramubonye, babwira abandi bati: “Dore wa wundi. Uriya ni we uhise”. Umwe muri abo babwiwe ayo magambo ari we Filip, n’ibakwe ryinshi mbese nka rirya ry’umuvandimwe we, arasimbuka ngo ajye kumureba amwegereye. Naho Yezu na we amubonye, aramubwira ati “Ngwino unkurikire”.
Byakomeje gutyo, buri wese ahamya ibyo yiboneye kugeza ubwo Filipo ahura na Natanayeli, maze na we nk’uko abandi babigenje, ati: “Wa Mukiza, Umukiza Musa yadusezeranyije twamubonye! Yitwa Yezu. Akomoka i Nazareti. Ni umuhungu wa Yozefu”. Natanayeli ariko akaba umuntu usheshe akanguhe muri abo barobyi; bivuze ko yari inararibonye idapfa gushidukira ibije byose. Ni ko gusubiza Filipo ati; “I Nazareti! Hari ikintu kizima cyava i Nazareti? Yavuze gutyo kubera ko umugi akenshi utajya uvugwa neza. Filipo ariko na we ariko aramusubiza ati “Ngwino ujye kwirebera”. Yezu abonye Natanayeli aje arahindukira aravuga ati “Dore umunyayisiraheli utigiramo uburiganya”. Natanayeli asubiza yihagararaho ati: “Ibyo se ubikuye ku ki ko utanzi?”. Yezu na we ati :”MBere y’uko Filipo aguhamagara, igihe wari munsi y’uriya mutini, nakurebaga”. Natanayeli ahita yiyamirira ati: “Uri Umwana w’Imana. Uri Umukiza”.
Reka turebe neza aho ibimentso by’ukuri n’iby’imiterere nyakuri yako biri muri iyi nkuru yanditswe. Iyi nkuru ntisobanura, nta n’ubwo ivuga ngo byanze gutya na gutya. Ibivugwa byose birasa n’aho ari ukugereranya ngo bigomba kuba ari uku byagenze. Iyi nkuru ntitoranya neza ibintu by’ingenzi byabaye, bikwiye kuba ari byo byandikwa nk’amateka. “Ibi ni byo na Mutagatifu Agustini agaragaza mu ntangiriro y’inyandiko ye ku Ivanjiri ya Yohani… aho agira ati: “Natinyuka kuvuga ko Mutagatifu Yohani ubwe ashobora kuba aterekana uko ibintu byagenze bikurikirana uko byakabaye, ahubwo akaba yarabivuze uko ubushobozi bwe bwabimwemereraga, kubera ko yari umuntu uvuga iby’Imana… Uko biri kose yari umuntu…. Yavuze ibyo umuntu yashobora kuvuga”[26]. Akongeraho ati “G. Born Uamm ntiyibeshye igihe agira ati: “Amavanjiri ntaha ukuri upfa kuyakira uko ari cyangwa se uyahakana. Ahubwo, akoresheje ingufu zose, atubwira ishusho ya Yezu mu mateka n’ubwo abikora mu buryo bunyuranye n’ubwo amateka asanzwe akoresha. Nyamara biragaragara neza ko ibyo Amavanjiri avuga ku butumwa bwa Yezu yatanze birangwa no kuba bifite ukuri kw’ibyavuzwe koko, bigahora bifite ubushya n’umwimerere; ibyo bigatuma Kiliziya irangamiye Pasika ntacyo ibihinyuraho, bityo na twe tukakirana ukwemera ishuho y’umuntu ya Yezu”. Bornkamm akongera ati: “Kuba amavanjiri akoresha inkuru mu kutugezaho ubutumwa bwa Yezu no kuba ubwo butumwa buba bukubiye muri iyo nkuru, ni uburyo bwihariye bw’imyandikire[27].
Iyi nkuru yanditwe rero itugezaho ibyabaye mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwibukiranya ikintu cyahise, ariko umuntu urimo kukivuga akaba abyibuka neza, mbese nk’uko abantu babiri b’incuti baba baganira umwe ati: “uribuka wa munsi dutangira kuba incuti!” Muri uko kwibukiranya imyaka bamaranye bari incuti ni ko bibuka ibyabaye byose, mu gihe wenda iyo baba barafashe amashusho bakoresheje kamera, yari kubibutsa gusa uduce tumwe na tumwe twihariye ariko tutari ingenzi. Aho rero byose birumvikana: iyo kamera ntishobora kuba yibutsa ibihwanye n’ibyo abantu bibukiranya.
Uko iyi nkuru iteye ni ubuhamya ku bintu by’ukuri kuva icyo gihe byabereye kugeza igihe cyose izuba rizaba rikirasa kandi rikarenga, mbese ubuzira herezo. Ni ubuhamya bukomeye ariko kuri buri muntu, mu buryo butagoranye na busa bugatuma yarasobanukiwe mu gihe cyahise, uyu munsi agasobanukirwa, n’igihe kizaza akazasobanukirwa uwo Kristu ari we. Intumwa bari abantu batatekerezaga ko bashobora gukurikira uyu mugabo atari iby’amatsiko gusa, nyamara bakaba baragumanye na we, kugeza bwije, ndetse bakibagirwa kujya ku kazi kabo. Icyo basigaranye mu mutima wabo ni uko bamamaje ukuri we ubwe yihangiye, ukuri kwanyuze abantu bi’ibihe byabo. Mu by’ukuri, abahanga bose basobanuye ibyo abahanuzi bavuze, bemeza ko icyo gihe ibyo byabereyemo ari cyo abahanuzi, cyane cyane Daniyeli, bari baravuze, bemeza ko ari cyo gihe Umukiza azaziramo. Gutegereza umukiza cyari ikintu gikomeye cyane ku buryo ababyizeho muri ibi bihe turimo no mu bihe bya kera – nk’uko Dante abigaragaza – bemeza ko bitari muri Isiraheli gusa. Ko ahubwo kuba byararenze imipaka y’icyo gihugu bikagera no mu bihugu by’abapagani nk’uko usanga bivugwa n’umwanditsi Virgili.
Nta kindi kigereranyo umuntu yabona hagati y’inkuru yo guhamagarwa kw’intumwa, cyangwa se hagati y’uyu muntu watumiye abantu ngo bajyane iwe, no kuba hari ukuri guhamye ngo “Twabonye Umukiza”. Uku kuri ni ko kwafashe Simoni, Filipo na Natanayeli kuko bahuye imbona nkubone n’umuntu udasa n’abandi bose. Umuntu wese wahuye na We kandi, yatangariraga ko atitwara nk’abantu basanzwe.
Intumwa ze zamaze kumarana na we igihe kinini zishobora kuba hari ibyo zitari zigitangarira, ariko wa munsi wa mbere bahura wo ntibashoboraga kuwibagirwa.
Nyuma yo kwemeza badashidikanya rero ko babonye umukiza, wagira ngo nta kindi kintu gisigaye gukorwa. Reka da, ahubwo ni ho byose byajya gukorwa. Tuzabona ko mu mutwe wa kabiri w’Ivanjiri ya Yohani, ukuntu uko kwemeza kudashidikanya kuzarushaho gutera imbere, mbese ukuntu wa munsi wa mbere na wo udaherera aho ahubwo ko ugenda urushaho kugira
[1] Rudolf Schnackbenburg, The Gospel According to Saint John, Translated by Kevin Smyth, Montréal: Palm Publishers, 1968) I : 23.
[2] Rudolf Schnackenburg, The Gospel According to Stjohn, translated by
Kevin Smyth (Montreal: Palm Publishers, 1968), i: 23.
3
[3] Vatican Council II, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (1965) Ch.
5, art. 19
[4] M. Eliade, Histoire…, op. cit. vol. II, p.323)
[5] Hans Urs Von Balthazar, La gloire et la croix. Les aspects esthétiques de la Révélation, Paris, Aubier, 1961, t. 1 (Apparition, 9.459).
[6] L. Giusanni, Le sens religieux, pp. 32-33.
[7] H.U. von Balthazar, op. cit. pp. 394, 395, 411.
[8] Henri De Libac, La Révélation divine et le sens de l’homme, Paris, Le Cerf, coll. Traditions chrétiennes, 1983, pp.158-159, 164.
[9] Ibid. pp. 44-45
[10] H.U . Vin Balthazar, op. cit. p. 388.
[11] L. Giusanni, op. p. 29-47.
[12] Ibid. p. 39.
[13] Ibid. p. 44.
[14] H.U. VON Balthazar, op. cit. p. 433-434.
[15] Ibid. p. 406
[16] Giussani, op. cit. 44-45.
[17] Pierre Rousselot, Gli occhi della fede, Milan, Jaca Book, 1977 ; p.57.
[18] Ibid., p.452.
[19] Luigi Giussani, op. pp. 19-20.
[20] H. von Balthazar, op. cit.. p 396.
[21] Claude Tresmontant, Forward the knowledge of God, Baltimore: Hilicon, 1961, pp. 101-102.
[22] Ibid., p. 102.
[23] H.U. von Balthazar, op. cit., pp 433-495.
[24] Schnackenburg, Gospel, 1 :76.
[25] Schnackenburg, The Gospel According to John, NY , The Seebury Press, 1982, III :388.
[26] De Lubac, la Révélation, pp. 163-164
[27] W. Kasper, An Introduction…, p. 57.
